A cikin na'urorin inji, kayan aiki da kayan aiki, har ma da abubuwan buƙatun yau da kullun,ƙafafun hannuabubuwan gama gari ne amma masu mahimmanci. Wannan ɓangaren kulawa mai sauƙi mai sauƙi yana samun daidaitaccen iko, watsa ƙarfi ko daidaita siga ta hanyar juyawa, zama muhimmiyar mu'amala tsakanin mutane da kayan aiki. Daga ingantaccen sarrafa kayan aikin injin zuwa ikon sarrafa motoci, daga daidaitattun kayan aikin likitanci zuwa daidaita tsayin kayan daki, ƙafafun hannu suna taka rawar da ba za a iya maye gurbinsu da su ba a fagage daban-daban tare da ilhama da ingantaccen halayen aiki. Wannan labarin zai bincika ainihin ayyukan ƙafafun ƙafafu daga ma'auni na sarrafa masana'antu, daidaita kayan aiki, taimakon aminci, ɗan adam{3}} hulɗar kwamfuta, da haɗa takamaiman yanayi don kai ku ga fahimtar babban darajar wannan "ƙaramin bangaren".
Teburin Abubuwan Ciki
1. Masana'antu masana'antu: Ta yaya dabaran hannu ke samun daidaitaccen iko?
2. Sufuri: Ta yaya keken hannu ke tabbatar da amincin tuki da inganci?
3. Likita da bincike na kimiyya: Madaidaicin ƙimar daidaitawar ƙafar hannu
4. Rayuwa ta yau da kullun: Ta yaya keken hannu ke inganta ƙwarewar mai amfani?
5. Abubuwan yanayi na musamman: daidaitawa da ƙirar aminci na ƙafafun hannu
6. Babban fa'idodi da haɓakar fasaha na ƙafafun hannu
1. Masana'antu masana'antu: Ta yaya dabaran hannu ke samun daidaitaccen iko?
1.1 "Micron{1}} sarrafa matakin" a cikin sarrafa kayan aikin inji
A kan kayan aikin injin CNC, ƙafar hannu (wanda kuma aka sani da "electronic handwheel" ko "hannu{0}}janyewar bugun bugun jini") shine ainihin ɓangaren sarrafa sa hannun hannu. Ta hanyar jujjuya ƙafafun hannu, mai aiki zai iya cimma ƙaramin motsi na axis ɗin daidaitawa tare da daidaiton har zuwa 0.001mm (1 micron). Misali:
Sarrafa Mold: Lokacin sarrafa madaidaicin gyare-gyaren allura, matsayin kayan aikin yana buƙatar zama lafiya{0}} don gyara kuskuren saman. Ma'auni na ma'auni na ƙafar hannu (kamar 0.01mm kowace grid) yana ba mai aiki damar sarrafa adadin ciyarwa daidai don guje wa ɓarkewar ƙira saboda saitunan sigina mara kyau.
Ayyukan saitin kayan aiki: Lokacin shigar da sabon kayan aiki, matsar da sandar a hankali ta cikin wheelwheel don sanya tip ɗin kayan aiki ya tuntuɓi saman kayan aiki, da yin aiki tare da saitin kayan aikin don kammala daidaita daidaitawa don tabbatar da daidaiton tsarin daidaitawa.
1.2 Maɓallin hannu da aikin gaggawa na kayan aiki mai sarrafa kansa
Kodayake layukan samarwa na atomatik sun dogara da sarrafa shirin, ƙafafun hannu suna da makawa a cikin gyarawa da gyara matsala:
Gyara kayan aiki: Lokacin shigar da robobi hannu ko bel na jigilar kaya, masu fasaha da hannu suna tuƙi tsarin axis ta keken hannu don lura da ko abubuwan haɗin gwiwa suna aiki lafiya. Misali, a lokacin da ake yin lalata da wani mutum-mutumi na walda a kan layin samar da mota, ana amfani da keken hannu don sarrafa jujjuyawar mahallin, daidaita kusurwar walda na bindigar walda, da kuma tabbatar da welding iri ɗaya.
Ajiyayyen gaggawa: Lokacin da tsarin sarrafa kayan aiki ya gaza, ana iya amfani da wheel wheel azaman shigarwar aiki da hannu. Misali, idan tsarin PLC na na'urar shafa baturin lithium ya fado ba zato ba tsammani, nan da nan mai aiki ya canza zuwa yanayin wheelwheel kuma da hannu ya daidaita matsayin kan shafi don guje wa ɓacin rai da lalacewar kayan aiki.
1.3 Ƙarfafa wutar lantarki da daidaitawa na kayan aiki masu nauyi
A cikin kayan aiki masu nauyi kamar cranes da latsawa, ƙafafun hannu suna samun "sarrafa mara ƙarfi" ta tsarin injina kamar gears da sukurori:
Gada crane: Mai aiki yana jujjuya abin hannu don ƙara ƙarfin juzu'i ta hanyar injin gear tsutsotsi don cimma ɗagawa da saukar da ƙugiya ko motsi na trolley. Ƙirar damping na abin hannu (kamar ƙafar ƙafa mai nauyi) na iya hana karkatar da matsayi wanda ya haifar da rashin aiki da kuma tabbatar da ingantacciyar kiliya na abubuwa masu nauyi.
Daidaita matsa lamba na latsa na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa: An haɗa ƙafafun hannu zuwa bawul ɗin matsa lamba, kuma ana iya daidaita ƙimar matsi na tsarin hydraulic ta hanyar jujjuya abin hannu. Lokacin da karfen da ke yin latsa ruwa yana danna faranti daban-daban masu kauri daban-daban, mai aiki yana amfani da dabaran hannu don yin kyau{1}} daidaita matsa lamba daga ton 500 zuwa tan 600 don guje wa nakasar kayan aikin saboda rashin isasshen matsi.
2. Sufuri: Ta yaya keken hannu ke tabbatar da amincin tuki da inganci?
2.1 Motar tuƙi: daga sarrafa tuƙi zuwa tsarin haɗin kai
A matsayin "control core" na mota, rawar da sitiyarin ya wuce "steering" kanta:
Ikon jagora: Ta hanyar jujjuya sitiyarin, injin tuƙi yana canza kusurwar ƙafafun gaba don cimma tukin mota. Haɗin wutar lantarki na hydraulic -taimako ko wutar lantarki{2}}tsarukan taimako da ƙafafun hannu suna baiwa direba damar kammala tuƙi da ƙarancin ƙarfi. Alal misali, a gudun 120km / h, ƙananan juzu'i na sitiriyo (a cikin digiri 5) na iya daidaita yanayin tuki.
Haɗin aminci: Tutocin zamani suna haɗa jakunkunan iska da maɓallan ayyuka da yawa (makon ruwa, kiran Bluetooth). Wasu manyan samfuran ƙarshe{2} kuma suna sanye da na'urori masu auna sigina don saka idanu a ainihin lokacin ko direban yana riƙe da dabaran da hannaye biyu, yana inganta amincin tuƙi.
2.2 Tuƙi na jirgi: daidaitaccen iko na kan hanya a cikin hadadden yanayin teku
A cikin tuƙin jirgin ruwa, sitiyarin shine maɓalli mai mahimmanci don sarrafa jagora:
Daidaita kan kai: Direban yana juya sitiyari kuma ya canza kusurwar igiyar igiya (yawanci digiri 0 -35 digiri) ta hanyar sitiyadin na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa, kuma kan jirgin yana canzawa daidai da haka. Lokacin tafiya a cikin kunkuntar hanyoyin ruwa, ya zama dole a akai-akai gyara sitiyarin (kamar juya digiri 2 -5 a kowane lokaci) don tabbatar da cewa jirgin yana tafiya tare da hanyar da aka tsara.
Aiki na gaggawa: Lokacin da tsarin sitiyarin jirgin ya gaza, direban ya canza zuwa yanayin tuƙi, kai tsaye yana sarrafa kayan tutiya ta hanyar sitiyarin, kuma yana yin aiki tare da kamfas (na'urar da ke kan hanya) don daidaitawa na ainihin lokaci don guje wa haɗarin haɗari da ke haifar da asarar sarrafawa.
2.3 Kayan aikin jirgin sama: daidaitawar hali da aikin gaggawa a cikin jirgin
A cikin kokfitin jirgin sama, ƙafafun hannu (kamar datsa ƙafafu da ƙafafu masu sarrafa motsi) suna da ayyuka na musamman:
Daidaita Gyara: Matukin jirgi yana juya dabaran datsa don daidaita kusurwar stabilizer a kwance don daidaita rashin daidaituwar iska da kiyaye jirgin cikin kwanciyar hankali. Misali, lokacin da tsakiyar karfin jirgin ya koma baya saboda yawan man da ake amfani da shi, mai kyau{1}}gyara keken datsa zai iya rage matsi akan abin farin ciki na matukin jirgi.
Ikon kadawa: Lokacin tashi da saukowa, matukin jirgin yana daidaita buɗewar murɗa (kamar 0 digiri -30 digiri) ta cikin dabaran sarrafa flap don canza ɗaga reshe. Lokacin da ya sauka, matukin jirgin Boeing 737 ya daidaita kifin zuwa matsakaicin kusurwa ta cikin dabaran kada don tabbatar da cewa har yanzu jirgin yana da isasshen ɗagawa a ƙananan gudu.
3. Likita da bincike na kimiyya: ƙimar daidaitattun daidaitattun ƙafafun hannu
3.1 Millimeter{1}}daidaitaccen matakin sarrafa kayan aikin likita
A cikin kayan aikin tiyata da kayan aikin gyara, ana amfani da ƙafafun hannu don daidaitawa mai kyau:
Microscope na tiyata: Likitoci suna amfani da ƙafafun hannu don daidaita tsayin nesa da madaidaicin tsayin ruwan tabarau, kuma da kyau{0}}gyara fagen haɓakar gani daga sau 10 zuwa sau 40 don tabbatar da bayyana yanayin siginar kwayar halittar corneal yayin aikin tiyatar ido. Ƙirar damping na abin hannu (kamar bugun jini 1mm a kowane da'irar) yana guje wa girgiza filin gani saboda girgizar hannu.
Kayan aikin horarwa na gyaran gyare-gyare: Ƙaƙwalwar na'urar gyaran gyare-gyaren gwiwa na gwiwa na iya daidaita ma'aunin motsi na haɗin gwiwa, kamar yadda a hankali ya kara girman kusurwa daga digiri 90 zuwa digiri 120, don taimakawa marasa lafiya a hankali mayar da aikin haɗin gwiwa da kuma guje wa lalacewa ta biyu da ke haifar da wuce gona da iri.
3.2 Lalacewar siga - daidaitawa da sarrafa sarrafa kayan aikin dakin gwaje-gwaje
A cikin gwaje-gwajen bincike na kimiyya, ƙafafun hannu sune "abokin haɗin gwiwa na zinare" na sarrafa hannu:
Sarrafa saurin centrifuge: Lokacin da ake raba ruwan magani, ana daidaita saurin daga 2000rpm zuwa 3000rpm ta cikin wheelwheel don tabbatar da cewa gutsuttsuran tantanin halitta da ruwan magani sun rabu. Alamar ma'auni akan ƙafafun hannu (kamar 50rpm kowane grid) yana ba masu aiki damar saita sigogi daidai.
Daidaita na'urar distillation: A cikin gwaje-gwajen sinadarai, keken hannu yana sarrafa kusurwar karkatar da na'urar don ƙara yawan kwararar distillate daga 5 saukad da / dakika zuwa 10 saukad / dakika don guje wa rashin cikawar rabuwa na abubuwan haɗin gwiwa saboda saurin gudu.
3.3 Dubawa kusurwa da tsayin mai da hankali daidaita kayan aikin hoto na likita
A cikin kayan aikin CT da MRI, ƙafar hannu tana taimakawa a daidai matsayi:
Duban motsin gado: Mai fasaha yana motsa majiyyaci zuwa wurin dubawa tare da daidaiton har zuwa 1mm ta hanyar keken hannu don tabbatar da cewa raunin yana tsakiyar filin dubawa. Misali, yayin duban huhu na huhu, wheel wheel yana sarrafa gado don matsawa gaba da baya don gujewa kamuwa da cutar da aka rasa saboda karkatar da matsayi.
Daidaita kusurwar bincike: Ƙaƙwalwar hannu na kayan bincike na duban dan tayi yana daidaita kusurwar binciken, yana bawa likitoci damar lura da tsarin gabobin jiki daga sassa da yawa. Misali, a cikin duban dan tayi na zuciya, ana jujjuya kusurwar bincike daga digiri 0 zuwa digiri 45 ta cikin keken hannu don samun bayyananniyar hoto na bawul ɗin mitral.
4. Rayuwa ta yau da kullum: Ta yaya ƙafafun hannu ke inganta ƙwarewar mai amfani?
4.1 Daidaita ɗan adam na kayan ɗaki da kayan ofis
Ƙaƙƙarfan hannu suna yin ƙarin abubuwan buƙatun yau da kullun daidai da buƙatun mai amfani:
Daidaita tsayin kujerun ofis: Juya bawul ɗin sandar pneumatic tare da ƙafar hannu don daidaita tsayin wurin zama daga 45cm zuwa 55cm don ɗaukar masu amfani da tsayi daban-daban. Tsarin sanyawa "danna" dabaran hannu (kamar 2cm akan kowane kaya) yana guje wa daidaitawa fiye da -.
Daidaita kusurwar tebur ɗin zane: Mai ƙira yana juya ƙafar hannu don daidaita kusurwar faifan tebur daga digiri 0 zuwa digiri 30 don rage gajiyar mahaifa wanda ya haifar da dogon lokaci-. Aikin kulle wheel wheel yana hana tebur daga zamewar bazata.
4.2 Juriya da tsayin gyare-gyare na kayan aikin dacewa
A cikin tukwane, kekuna da sauran kayan aiki, ƙafafun hannu suna fahimtar saitunan motsa jiki na keɓaɓɓen:
Daidaita gangaren tudu: Masu amfani suna daidaita gangaren daga 0% zuwa 15% ta cikin keken hannu don kwaikwayon motsa jiki. Ƙirar damping na ƙafar hannu (kamar gangara 1% a kowane da'irar) yana sa tsarin daidaitawa ya zama santsi da sarrafawa.
Daidaita juriya don jujjuya kekuna: Juyawa da abin hannu yana canza matsa lamba tsakanin kushin birki da ƙugiya, kuma ana daidaita matakin juriya daga mataki na 1 (motsi mai sauƙi) zuwa mataki na 10 (babban horon ƙarfi-). Ma'auni na martani na wheelwheel yana taimaka wa masu amfani su ƙididdige ƙarfin motsa jiki.
4.3 Tsarin aiki mai dacewa na kayan aikin gida
Ƙaƙwalwar hannu yana sa kayan aikin hannu ya fi dacewa:
Daidaita zurfin yankan saws na tebur: Masu kafinta suna juya keken hannu don daidaita tsayin tsinkar daga 1cm zuwa 5cm don daidaitawa da yanke allunan kauri daban-daban. Na'urar kullewa na ƙafar hannu tana hana zurfin canje-canjen da ke haifar da girgiza yayin yanke.
Daidaita tsayin busarwar tufa: Ƙaƙƙarfan busarwar tufa ta hannun baranda tana jan sandar bushewar tufafin sama da ƙasa ta cikin igiyar waya. Masu amfani za su iya rage sandar bushewar tufafi daga 2.5m zuwa 1.5m, wanda ya dace da bushewa da tattara tufafi. Ayyukan kulle kai{4} na ƙafar hannu yana hana sandar bushewar tufafi daga zamewa da gangan.
5. Yanayi na musamman: daidaitawa da ƙirar aminci na ƙafafun hannu
5.1 Amintaccen sarrafawa a ƙarƙashin yanayin zafi mai zafi da yanayin matsa lamba
A fagen masana'antar sinadarai, makamashi, da sauransu, ƙafafun hannu suna buƙatar jure matsanancin yanayin aiki:
Daidaita zafin jiki na Reactor: Ƙaƙwalwar hannu na reactor petrochemical an haɗa shi da bawul ɗin sarrafa zafin jiki. Mai aiki yana juya keken hannu a cikin yanayin zafi mai zafi na digiri 150 don daidaita kwararar mai da sarrafa yanayin zafin jiki a cikin kewayon ± 2 digiri. Rubutun zafin zafi na wheelwheel (kamar yumbun fiber wrap) yana hana konewa.
Maɗaukakin bawul ɗin matsi mai ƙarfi {{0}magudanar ruwa: Wutar hannu na babban bututun iskar gas na bututun iskar gas yana ɗaukar ƙirar sanda mai tsayi. Mai aiki yana amfani da juzu'i ta hannun mikakken abin hannu. Har yanzu ana iya buɗe bawul ɗin a hankali kuma a rufe a ƙarƙashin matsi na 10MPa. Tsarin akwatin gear na abin hannu yana ƙara ƙarfin aiki da sau 5, yana rage ƙarfin hannun hannu.
5.2 Ƙirar rashin tsaro don fashewa{1}} tabbatattun yanayi
A cikin mahalli masu ƙonewa da fashewar abubuwa (kamar tashoshin iskar gas da tsire-tsire masu sinadarai), abin hawan hannu dole ne ya cika ƙa'idodin fashewar{0}:
Zaɓin kayan abu: Ƙaƙƙarfan abin hannu an yi shi da tagulla ko aluminium, kuma saman nickel ne - an ɗora shi don guje wa tartsatsin wuta. Ƙaƙƙarfan abin hannu na mai ba da iskar gas na ATEX bokan ne kuma ana iya amfani da shi lafiya a cikin mahalli mai fashewa.
Na'urar kullewa: Ƙaƙwalwar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafafu{0} hujja tana sanye da na'urar kullewa sau biyu, wanda ke kulle ta atomatik bayan an juya shi zuwa wurin da ya dace don hana bawul ɗin buɗewa da gangan saboda girgiza. Misali, rufewar gaggawa{2}}ashe wheel wheel wheel na tankin iskar gas yana buƙatar a jujjuya agogon agogo 3 don buɗewa don guje wa rashin aiki.
5.3 Ajiyayyen aikin hannu a ƙarƙashin matsanancin yanayin aiki
Lokacin da aka katse wutar lantarki ko tsarin sarrafawa ya gaza, ƙafafun hannu zai zama "layin tsaro na ƙarshe":
Ƙimar lif da hannu: Lokacin da lif ya rasa wuta, ma'aikatan kulawa suna juya na'urar ta jujjuya ta cikin keken hannu don matsar da motar zuwa matakin daidaitawa don tabbatar da korar fasinjoji. Ƙirar rabon kaya na ƙafar hannu (kamar 1:100) yana bawa mai aiki damar matsar da mota mai nauyi{3}} tare da ƙarancin ƙarfi.
Ikon gaggawa na tashar makamashin nukiliya: Keɓancewar bawul ɗin hannu na injin nukiliya. Lokacin da tsarin sarrafa dijital ya gaza, ma'aikatan suna jujjuya ƙafafun hannu don rufe bawul ɗin. Na'urar injin injin keken hannu tana rubuta adadin juyawa don tabbatar da cewa bawul ɗin ya rufe gaba ɗaya.
6. Core abũbuwan amfãni da fasaha juyin halitta na handwheels
6.1 "Babu dogaro da ƙarfi" na hulɗar ɗan adam{1}
Babban fa'idar wheelwheels shine cewa ana sarrafa su da injina kawai kuma ba sa buƙatar wuta, wanda ke sa su zama maras maye a cikin yanayi masu zuwa:
Ayyukan filin: Ƙaƙƙarfan kayan aikin bincike na ƙasa yana daidaita kusurwar rawar jiki a cikin yanayin kashe wutar lantarki don tabbatar da daidaiton ainihin samfurin.
Gaggawa: Ƙaƙwalwar fitilar da ba ta da inuwa a cikin ɗakin tiyata na asibiti yana daidaita matsayin shugaban fitilar lokacin da wutar lantarki ta kashe don tabbatar da cewa an ci gaba da aiki.
6.2 Haɓaka daga tsarin injina zuwa haɗin kai mai hankali
Dabarun hannu na zamani sun haɗa da fasahar lantarki kuma sun fi ƙarfi:
Hannun na'ura mai ba da amsa na dijital: Na'urar kayan aikin hannu tana sanye da nunin LED don nuna nisan motsi mai daidaitawa (kamar "X axis + 0.5mm") a ainihin lokacin, yana rage kurakuran karatun hannu.
Dabarar hannu mai tsari: Ƙaƙƙarfan abin hannu na kayan aikin sarrafa kansa yana goyan bayan ayyuka na al'ada, kamar tsayin latsa ƙafar hannu don canza raka'a mai daidaitawa (mm/inch) da gajeriyar latsa don kiran ƙungiyar madaidaitan saiti.
6.3 Inganta jagoranci na kayan aiki da ƙira
Kayayyakin masu nauyi: Jirgin sama{0}}allon alloy na aluminium da ƙafafun carbon fiber suna rage nauyin kayan aiki. Misali, gyaran hannu na gyaran hannu na drone an yi shi da fiber carbon, wanda ya fi 60% haske fiye da na'urar hannu ta gargajiya.
Ƙirƙirar Ergonomic: Ana ƙara saman wheel wheel tare da m- zamewar rubutu da lanƙwasa don rage gajiyar aiki na dogon lokaci-. Alal misali, an nannade ƙafafun kayan aikin gyaran hannu tare da roba, kuma ƙimar juzu'i yana ƙaruwa da 30%.
